Image Orientation by Gps and Ins

This paper deals with GPS and INS for georeferencing data collected by airborne imaging sensors. It goes through the basic features of GPS and INS and how they can be integrated to give positions and attitudes with higher precision and reliability than either system can achieve alone. Some simulations using GPS/INS orientation and aerial images have been done. The result shows that GPS and INS can be used for georeferencing aerial images but the accuracy of new point coordinates is higher if a triangulation is performed. A practical test with GPS, INS and a digital camera on a helicopter is evaluated. The camera was not calibrated beforehand. Instead an on-the-job calibration had to be done with support from the GPS and INS measurements. This might have influenced the final accuracy estimations as the calibration parameters are adjusted to fit the GPS and INS measurements of this particular data set. Check points were measured in the GPS/INS oriented and calibrated images and the result shows that GPS and INS can be used for georeferencing aerial images.